Mass: 5.3 kg based on Cavallini 1997, Mohamed 2016, Bellows and Mitchell 2002, Layne 1958, and Ward 1928
Diet: carnivore based on Panek and Bresinski 2002 and Zhang et al. 2011; carnivore-frugivore based on Ables 1969 and Hockman and Chapman 1983; carnivore-insectivore based on Azevedo et al. 2006
Abundance: 0.02 to 47.92% (median 1.22%)
Latitudinal range: -37.3° to 63.8°Habitats: (137), Mediterranean woodland (3), boreal forest/taiga (3), desert/xeric shrubland (6), montane grassland (6), temperate broadleaf/mixed forest (33), temperate coniferous forest (4), temperate savanna (2), tropical/subtropical dry broadleaf forest (2)
Biogeographic distribution: Indomalaya, Nearctic, Palearctic
Found in 196 samples
Afghanistan: Nuristan Province
Algeria: Gueldaman Cave GLD1 (UA1), Gueldaman Cave GLD1 (UA2), Gueldaman Cave GLD1 (UA3)
Armenia: Hovk-1 Cave (Unit 4), Godedzor Level II C, Godedzor Level II B
Australia: Kangaroo Valley (low cattle disturbance), Goonoo State Conservation Area (on-track, pre-baiting), Ben Boyd National Park and Nadgee Nature Reserve
Bhutan: Lamai Goempa Research Preserve
Bulgaria: Osogovo Mountain (Natura 2000 study), Osogovo Mountain (intensive study), Osogovo Mountain (opportunistic study), Redaka II
Canada: Lindsay, Canadian National Railway (spring), Canadian National Railway (summer), Canadian National Railway (fall), Canadian National Railway (winter), Charlie Lake Cave (Zone IV), Keffer (Midden 57, screened), Irving-Johnston, Winefred Lake, St. Brieux (winter 2011), St. Brieux (spring 2012), Roussillon, Québec, Algar
China: Altun Mountains, Suojia Township, Mount Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve, Yanchiwan National Nature Reserve, Hunchun National Reserve (winter), Hunchun National Reserve (summer), Kanas National Nature Reserve, Muzhuzhuliang, Huoshiliang, Shuidonggou Locality 7
Denmark: Smakkerup Huse
France: Côte d’Or, Salève, Grotte du Bison (Level I), Mas d'Azil, Les Canalettes (Layer 3), Les Canalettes (Layer 4), Noisetier Cave, Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit II), Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit III), Coudoulous I (Faunal Units IV and V), Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit VI), Caune de l'Arago (Unit D), Vergisson II, Romain-la-Roche, Lazaret (C II supérieur UA 13-17), Payre (ensemble G), Payre (ensemble F), Payre (ensemble D), Tourville-la-Rivière (level D1)
Georgia: Ortvale Klde (early Upper Paleolithic)
Germany: Havelland, Lower Oder Valley, Schöningen 13 II-4
Hungary: Oltovâny Castle
India: Dachigam National Park
Iran: Lar Protected Area, Wezmeh Cave
Iraq: Palegawra Cave
Israel: Shikma Biosphere Zone (winter), Manot Cave (Area D, Biogenic Unit), Motza (Early PPNB), Motza (Middle PPNB), Tel Ro'im West (Late PPNB), Tel Ro'im West (PPNC), Tel Ro'im West (PN), Yiftah'el, Marj Rabba, El-Wad Cave (Early Natufian), El-Wad Cave (Late Natufian), Ein Gev I, Oumm Qatafa Cave (layer D2)
Italy: Western Trento Province (2012), Riparo Biarzo (SU 5), Riparo Biarzo (SU 4 + 3B), Riparo Biarzo (SU 3A), Mondeval de Sora (SU 8), San Teodoro Cave (Unit B-I), San Teodoro Cave (Unit B-II), Canale delle Acque Alte (Layer B), La Sassa Cave, Contrada Castro (Period B), Grotta Cucgiliana
Japan: Mt. Ohdaigahara (eastern area), Fujiyoshida City, Obihiro (wildlife overpass)
Jordan: Dana Nature Reserve, Wadi Taiyiba (WT6)
Kazakhstan: Begash (Phase 1b), Begash (Phase 2), Begash (Phase 3a), Begash (Phase 3b), Begash (Phase 4)
Kyrgyzstan: SaryChat Ertash Zapovednik (ridge), Jangart Hunting Reserve (ridge)
Lebanon: Jabal Moussa Biosphere Reserve (spring), Moghr el-Ahwal Cave 3 (Phases F & E)
Morocco: Gazelle Cave (lower level), Gazelle Cave (upper level), Zouhrah Cave (L s1), Zouhrah Cave (L 1), Zouhrah Cave (L 2), Zouhrah Cave (L 3)
Pakistan: Khunjerab National Park
Poland: Raj Cave (layer 6), Borsuka Cave (Layer II)
Portugal: Gruta de Figueira Brava (Area C)
Romania: Southern Transylvania
Russia: Geographical Society Cave, Zapovednaya, Sagan-Zaba II (Layer 2), Chagyrskaya Cave (Layer 5), Chagyrskaya Cave (Layer 6), Mezmaiskaya Cave (Layer 2A), Mezmaiskaya Cave (Layer 2B), Mezmaiskaya Cave (Layer 3), Cheremukhovo-1 (Bed 2), Cheremukhovo-1 (Bed 5), Cheremukhovo-1 (Bed 6), Cheremukhovo-1 (Bed 7), Imanay Cave (Pleistocene Layer 2), Imanay Cave (Pleistocene Layer 3), Imanay Cave (Pleistocene Layer 4), Imanay Cave (Holocene Layer 1), Imanay Cave (Holocene Layer 2), Imanay Cave (Holocene Layer 4), Khayrgas Cave - Layer 4 (1998–1999 pit), Chernyshevskaya-III Cave (layer 3), Mezmaiskaya Cave (Layer 2)
Serbia: Garicin Grad (southeast corner tower, second phase)
Spain: Larraga, Abric Romaní (Level Ja), Imanolen Arrobia, El Mirador Cave, Cueva de Nerja (Early Holocene), La Fragua Cave (Level 1), La Fragua Cave (Level 2), La Fragua Cave (Level 4), Bolomor Cave (Level IV), Can Roqueta II
Switzerland: Zurich (movement photos)
Tunisia: Doukanet el Khoutifa
Turkey: Yaylacik Research Forest, Ciglikara Nature Reserve, Barhal Stream, Koycegiz Wildlife Development Reserve, Ulucak Höyük (Level VI), Ulucak Höyük (Level V), Ulucak Höyük (Level IV), Direkli Cave
Ukraine: Prolom II, Mirnoe, Grot Skeliastyi (III-3), Grot Skeliastyi (III-3-x), Buran-Kaya III Layer 4
United Arab Emirates: Early ed-Dur (50 BC - 150 AD), Luluyyah Fort
United Kingdom: Lynford Quarry
United States: Memphis, Richlands, Boulder County, North Fork of the Cache la Poudre River, The Wilds, Zesch Cave, Crystal Ball Cave, Haystack Cave (upper levels), Haystack Cave (lower levels), Golf Course, Harrodsburg Crevice, Bat Cave, Dust Cave (Zones T and U), Black Cat Cave (interior), Black Cat Cave (Test Unit 1), Guard, Pine Hill, Meyer Cave, Sunshine Locality (Unit E), Schulze Cave (layer C1), Schulze Cave (layer C2), Molybdenum Ridge (triggered detections), Molybdenum Ridge (time-lapse detections), Black Rapids Training Area (triggered detections), Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute (logs, feature), Bogue Chitto Creek, West of US 287, Marmes Rockshelter (Harrison horizon), Marmes Rockshelter (A6–16 horizon)
Yemen: Hawf
| ♀ body mass | 4940 kg | N = 125 | Cavallini 1997 |
| ♀ body mass | 600 g | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♀ body mass | 1900 kg | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♂ body mass | 4900 kg | N = 1 | Bellows and Mitchell 2002 |
| ♂ body mass | 5750 kg | N = 205 | Cavallini 1997 |
| ♂ body mass | 4848 kg | N = 1 | Layne 1958 |
| ♂ body mass | 1300 kg | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♂ body mass | 2900 kg | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♂ body mass | 2100 kg | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♂ body mass | 5443 kg | N = 6 | Ward 1928 |
| ♀ condylobasal length | 80.4 mm | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♂ condylobasal length | 91.9 mm | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♂ condylobasal length | 117.6 mm | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♂ condylobasal length | 109.7 mm | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♀ ear length | 60 mm | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♀ ear length | 80 mm | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♂ ear length | 79 mm | N = 1 | Bellows and Mitchell 2002 |
| ♂ ear length | 70 mm | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♂ ear length | 90 mm | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♂ ear length | 90 mm | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♀ hind foot length | 95 mm | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♀ hind foot length | 120 mm | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♂ hind foot length | 149 mm | N = 1 | Bellows and Mitchell 2002 |
| ♂ hind foot length | 165 mm | N = 1 | Layne 1958 |
| ♂ hind foot length | 105 mm | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♂ hind foot length | 130 mm | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♂ hind foot length | 140 mm | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♀ interorbital breadth | 16.5 mm | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♂ interorbital breadth | 18.1 mm | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♂ interorbital breadth | 23.7 mm | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♂ interorbital breadth | 20.9 mm | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♀ lower tooth row length | 37.9 mm | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♂ lower tooth row length | 41.3 mm | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♂ lower tooth row length | 63.4 mm | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♂ lower tooth row length | 59.3 mm | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♀ skull length | 85.9 mm | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♂ skull length | 97.4 mm | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♂ skull length | 121.2 mm | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♂ skull length | 113.4 mm | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♀ skull width | 51.7 mm | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♂ skull width | 56.1 mm | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♂ skull width | 68.1 mm | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♂ skull width | 59.6 mm | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♀ tail length | 230 mm | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♀ tail length | 320 mm | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♂ tail length | 360 mm | N = 1 | Bellows and Mitchell 2002 |
| ♂ tail length | 365 mm | N = 1 | Layne 1958 |
| ♂ tail length | 290 mm | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♂ tail length | 390 mm | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♂ tail length | 410 mm | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♀ total body length | 590 mm | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♀ total body length | 800 mm | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♂ total body length | 970 mm | N = 1 | Bellows and Mitchell 2002 |
| ♂ total body length | 1031 mm | N = 1 | Layne 1958 |
| ♂ total body length | 645 mm | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♂ total body length | 885 mm | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
| ♂ total body length | 960 mm | N = 1 | Mohamed 2016 |
See also Vulpes, Vulpes alopecoides, Vulpes bengalensis, Vulpes cana, Vulpes chama, Vulpes corsac, Vulpes ferrilata, Vulpes lagopus, Vulpes macrotis, Vulpes rueppellii, Vulpes sp., Vulpes velox, Vulpes zerda